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| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 442 | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| United States (Kansas and Nebraska) | |
| Languages | |
| English, Sauk, Fox | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity, other | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Sauk, Meskwaki, Kickapoo, and other Algonquian peoples |
The Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska is one of three federally recognizedNative American tribes of Sac and Meskwaki (Fox) peoples. Their name for themselves is Nemahahaki and they are an Algonquian people and Eastern Woodland culture.[1]
Government and economic development[edit]
The Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri is headquartered in Reserve, Kansas. Their tribal chairman is Tiauna Carnes, and their acting environmental director is Lisa Montgomery.[2]
The Sac and Fox Casino, the Boat Bar, the Chop House steak restaurant, the Deli and the Lodge buffet are all owned by the tribe and located in Powhattan, Kansas.[3]
Museum[edit]
The tribe operates the Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri Tribal Museum, located in Reserve, Kansas. Founded in 1996, the museum exhibits tribal regalia and serves as a research center.[4]
History[edit]
Original two distinct tribes, the Sac and Fox joined forces during the 18th century to resist attacks by the French. The Sac traditionally referred to themselves as 'People of the Yellow Earth,' while the Foxes called themselves 'Red Earth People.'[1]
In 1804 the tribes ceded their traditional homelands to the United States. The Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri was established by an 1815 treaty, and they relocated from Iowa and Illinois to northeastern Missouri. In 1824, they moved again to the Platte Valley. Sac leader, Black Hawk led his people in a war against the United States in 1832. An 1837 treaty relocated the tribe to the Great Nemaha Reservation in Doniphan and Brown counties in Kansas.[5] After several treaties ceded more land, the Dawes Act broke tribal lands into individual allotments.[1]
In the 1880s, 360 members lived on the Sac and Fox Reservation, consisting of a 61.226 km² (23.639 sq mi) tract in southeastern Richardson County, Nebraska and northeastern Brown County, Kansas, near Falls City, Nebraska.[1]
The tribe organized in 1934 under the Indian Reorganization Act.[1] The reservation had a resident population of 217 people at the 2000 census.
During the period from the 1940s - 1960s, in which the Indian termination policy was enforced, four Kansas tribes, including the Sac and Fox Nation were targeted for termination. One of the first pieces of legislation enacted during this period was the Kansas Act of 1940 which transferred all jurisdiction for crimes committed on or against Indians from federal jurisdiction to the State of Kansas. It did not preclude the federal government from trying native people, but it allowed the state into an area of law in which had historically belonged only to the federal government.[6]
On 1 August 1953, the US Congress passed House Concurrent Resolution 108 which called for the immediate termination of the Flathead, Klamath, Menominee, Potawatomi, and Turtle Mountain Chippewa, as well as all tribes in the states of California, New York, Florida, and Texas. Termination of a tribe meant the immediate withdrawal of all federal aid, services, and protection, as well as the end of reservations.[7] A memo issued by the Department of the Interior on 21 January 1954 clarified that the reference to 'Potawatomi' in the Resolution meant the Potawatomi, the Kickapoo, the Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska and the Iowa tribes in Kansas.[8]
Sac Fox Casino Horton Ks
Because jurisdiction over criminal matters had already been transferred to the State of Kansas by the passage of the Kansas Act of 1940 the government targeted the four tribes in Kansas for immediate termination.[8] In February, 1954 joint hearings for the Kansas tribes were held by the House and Senate Subcommittees on Indian Affairs.[9]
The Prairie Band of Potawatomi Nation tribal leader, Minnie Evans (Indian name: Ke-waht-no-quah Wish-Ken-O)[10][11] led the effort to stop termination.[12] Tribal members sent petitions of protest to the government and multiple delegations went to testify at congressional meetings in Washington, DC.[13] Tribal Council members Vestana Cadue, Oliver Kahbeah, and Ralph Simon of the Kickapoo Tribe in Kansas traveled at their own expense to testify as well. The strong opposition from the Potawatomi and Kickapoo tribes helped them, as well as the Sac & Fox and the Iowa Tribe, avoid termination.[14]
See also[edit]
- Sac and Fox Nation, Oklahoma
Notes[edit]
- ^ abcde'Tribal History.'Archived 2010-05-23 at the Wayback MachineSac & Fox Casino. (retrieved 11 April 2010)
- ^'Federally Recognized Tribes in Region 7.'US EPA Region 7. (retrieved 11 April 2010)
- ^'Sac & Fox Casino.'500 Nations. (retrieved 11 April 2010)
- ^'Tribal Museum.'Archived 2003-05-03 at the Wayback MachineSac & Fox Casino. (retrieved 11 April 2010)
- ^'Kansas Tribes . . . Past & Present: Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska'Archived 2010-05-28 at the Wayback Machine, The Brown Quarterly, 6,1. Retrieved April 13, 2010.
- ^Francis, John J., Stacy L. Leeds, Aliza Organick, & Jelani Jefferson Exum. 'Reassessing Concurrent Tribal–State–Federal Criminal Jurisdiction in Kansas'(PDF). Kansas Law Review. 59: 967. Retrieved 2014-12-17.
- ^US Statutes at Large 67:B132
- ^ ab'Archived copy'(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 2014-06-10. Retrieved 2014-12-28.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^Davis, Mary B. (1996). 'Native America in the Twentieth Century: An Encyclopedia'(book). Routledge. pp. 286–287. Retrieved 2014-12-18.
- ^http://genealogytrails.com/kan/butler/1927potawatomiindians.html
- ^https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/96078296
- ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 2014-12-19. Retrieved 2015-01-05.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^http://www.pbpindiantribe.com/tribal-history.aspx[permanent dead link]
- ^Davis: Native America (1996) & p. 286-287
External links[edit]
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Sac
(săk, sôk)SAC
sac 1
(săk)n.sac 2
(săk)n.Baseballsac
(sæk) n
SAC
(in Britain) abbreviation forsac
(sæk)n.
Sac
(sæk, sɔk)n., pl.
Sac State
Sacs, (esp. collectively) Sac.SAC
(sæk)n.
sac
(săk)| Noun | 1. | sac - an enclosed space; 'the trapped miners found a pocket of air' pocket, pouch, sack enclosed space, cavity - space that is surrounded by something |
| 2. | sac - a case or sheath especially a pollen sac or moss capsule covering, natural covering, cover - a natural object that covers or envelops; 'under a covering of dust'; 'the fox was flushed from its cover' | |
| 3. | Sac - a member of the Algonquian people formerly living in Wisconsin in the Fox River valley and on the shores of Green Bay Algonquian, Algonquin - a member of any of the North American Indian groups speaking an Algonquian language and originally living in the subarctic regions of eastern Canada; many Algonquian tribes migrated south into the woodlands from the Mississippi River to the Atlantic coast | |
| 4. | sac - a structure resembling a bag in an animal yolk sac - membranous structure enclosing the yolk of eggs in birds, reptiles, marsupials, and some fishes; circulates nutrients to the developing embryo umbilical vesicle, vesicula umbilicus, vitelline sac, yolk sac - membranous structure that functions as the circulatory system in mammalian embryos until the heart becomes functional amnion, amnios, amniotic sac - thin innermost membranous sac enclosing the developing embryo of higher vertebrates (reptiles, birds and mammals) chorion - the outermost membranous sac enclosing the embryo in higher vertebrates (reptiles, birds and mammals) coelenteron - the saclike body cavity of a coelenterate air bladder, swim bladder, float - an air-filled sac near the spinal column in many fishes that helps maintain buoyancy air sac - any of the membranous air-filled extensions of the lungs of birds air sac - any of the thin-walled extensions of the tracheae of insects bodily cavity, cavum, cavity - (anatomy) a natural hollow or sinus within the body saccule, sacculus - a small sac or pouch (especially the smaller chamber of the membranous labyrinth) bladder, vesica - a distensible membranous sac (usually containing liquid or gas) acinus - one of the small sacs or saclike dilations in a compound gland bursa - a small fluid-filled sac located between movable parts of the body especially at joints cistern, cisterna - a sac or cavity containing fluid especially lymph or cerebrospinal fluid pouch, pocket - (anatomy) saclike structure in any of various animals (as a marsupial or gopher or pelican) vesicle, cyst - a small anatomically normal sac or bladderlike structure (especially one containing fluid) air cell, air sac, alveolus - a tiny sac for holding air in the lungs; formed by the terminal dilation of tiny air passageways pericardial sac - the membrane surrounding the heart |
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[sæk]NSac Fox Casino Ks
(Anat, Bio) → sacomsac
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[sæk]n (Anat) → saccohoney sac → cestella (del polline)